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Tuskegee Experiment Project MK-ULTRA experiments Nazis

United States, 1953-1964.

For many Americans, the decade of the 50 was a gentle and quiet time. For the CIA, they were particularly active year in which they developed a lot of programs away from the public eye. None of these programs was kept a secret so absolute, as the mind control experiments conducted by the Agency, which together received the code name MK-ULTRA project.

Concerned by the alarming reports about alleged Communist success in the "intervention of the individual mind" carried a cabo en prisioneros de guerra del frente de Corea, en Abril de 1953, el director de la CIA, Allen Dulles, autorizó el Programa MK-ULTRA que mas tarde se volvería notorio por los inusuales y en ocasiones inhumanos experimentos que la CIA financiaría durante el tiempo en que se mantuvo activo. Revisando los experimentos 5 años mas tarde, un Auditor de la CIA escribió:

“Se deben tomar precauciones no solo para proteger las operaciones de fuerzas
enemigas, sino para ocultar estas actividades del público americano en general.
El conocimiento de que la Agencia esta conduciendo actividades ilícitas y poco
éticas podría tener repercusiones serias en los círculos
politicians and diplomats. "

Although many of the documents related to MKULTRA were destroyed by the CIA in 1972 under orders of then-director, Richard Helms, some records relating to the program have come to the public, and the work of historians, journalists and several U.S. congressional committees have released enough information to consider in MKULTRA as one of the most infamous examples of abuse that the Central Intelligence Agency has exercised over its own population. During operation, the MKULTRA scientists used drugs, hypnosis and electroconvulsive therapy in his quest for control techniques and mental reconditioning.

The most notorious MKULTRA experiments were the CIA's pioneering studies on the drug than a decade later would be massively consumed by the hippie generation: lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD. The CIA was intrigued by the drug, and harbored hopes that the acid or a similar drug could be used to mislead and manipulate foreign leaders and people in general. Also consider that LSD had great potential to induce statements of prisoners during interrogation that the agency routinely carried out. The drug was administered to CIA employees, physicians, other government agents prostitutes, mental patients and members of the general public, in order to study their reactions, usually without the knowledge of the experimental subjects. In a detailed

book about MKULTRA and similar projects, The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate" , John Marks reports that most of the project's researchers tested the acid. In fact, the early phase of the experiments can be considered undoubtedly as the first psychedelic experience with LSD which has taken place on U.S. soil, which was experienced by none other than a CIA agent. A decade later, at 60, would be massive consumption among all a generation.

In a recent book on the subject, Evan Thomas describes Sydney Gottlieb, the scientist who led the project MKULTRA:

"Being born with a clubfoot, and a stuttering problem, the offset
this becoming a skilled dancer folk and getting a doctorate in physiology
technological California. Gottlieb was a nice man who
lived on a farm with his wife, drank only goat's milk and grew Christmas trees
then sell them to a post beside the road. "

When not busy with his farm, Dr. Gottlieb was delivering drinks LSD to test subjects, carefully recording their reactions and trying to find qualities of the drug could be useful in covert operations by the CIA.

Gottlieb was also known for torturing his victims by locking them in sensory deprivation chambers while they were under the influence of LSD, or burn therapy of psychiatric patients in which the subject listened to a recording of a statement over and over autodegradante time through headphones. Gottlieb himself took LSD several times, locked in his office, while taking copious notes of the experience.

Many of the subjects in experiments with LSD in the CIA were not aware of their participation in the project. It came to use patterns and brothels prisoners assembled and operated by the CIA, which had been previously installed dual-view mirrors throughout the property, which allow observing the effects of the drug. These activities became known as "Operation Midnight Climax." Some of the MKULTRA subjects who were informed of their participation in the project, received even more inhumane treatment: during an experiment in Kentucky, seven volunteers from black prisoners received repeated doses of LSD for 77 consecutive days. In exchange for their participation in this experiment, Dr Harris Isbell gave them a daily dose of heroin. The irony is that the work of Isbell was the alleged drug rehabilitation patients.

experiments are thought involving hundreds of people and were conducted in a wide variety of locations, among which may include universities, prisons, mental institutions and drug rehabilitation centers.

One of the most grisly experiments have been conducted by the CIA, involving the work of a Canadian psychiatrist, Dr. Ewen Cameron. In the early 50's, Cameron developed a method for treating psychotic patients based on what he called "driving psychic. " After presenting a study protocol in 1957 to the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, the CIA decided to support his research on behavior. The procedure was to "break current behavioral patterns of the patient through a particularly intense electroconvulsive therapy (Depatterning)" -and sometimes with repeated doses of LSD. Electroconvulsive therapy sessions using a voltage reached 30 or 40 times more than was allowed for therapeutic purposes. This was followed by "intensive repetition (16 hours a day for six or seven days)" recorded message on tape, during which time "the patient is kept in partial sensory isolation." whole process aimed to "correct the madness through the elimination of existing memories." Cameron proposed protocol the use of various drugs including curare, as part of a new technique for "inactivate the patient." Experiments were typically performed on patients who sought medical care for common problems such as anxiety disorders or postpartum depression.

The analogy of these techniques in brainwashing was obvious to the CIA, which provided Cameron the sum of $ 60,000 as funding for their experiments. Nine of Cameron's former patients, who had come to the Allan Memorial Institute at McGill University in Montreal, seeking treatment for depression, alcoholism and other psychiatric problems, filed a lawsuit against the CIA in 1979. It is known that the CIA commissioned studies Cameron threatening, taking into account that would be performed in non-US citizens. One patient, Rita Zimmerman, was subjected to 30 Electroconvulsive therapy followed by 56 days of sleep induced by barbiturates and other drugs. During the time that remained in barbiturate coma, the patient was subjected to constant repetition of recordings with various statements (Some subjects heard the same message more than 250,000 times) After the experience, I am incontinent and suffered from severe bouts of amnesia. Others suffered permanent brain damage, lost jobs and suffered deterioration in all areas of your life. The U.S. Vs Orlikow case was settled in 1988 with the sum of $ 750,000. (Cameron died in 1967). Both U.S. and Canadian government eventually indemnify each of the 127 known victims in the amount of $ 100,000.

At the same time he made his experiments, Cameron was world famous to become the first president of the World Psychiatric Association and the American and Canadian Psychiatric Associations. Ironically, Cameron participated in the Nuremberg trials as a medical advisor, only a decade before their participation in the infamous MKULTRA experiments.

Another technique used was the intravenous administration of barbiturates in the arm, and amphetamine by the same route in the opposite arm. The barbiturates were released first, and as soon as the subject began to doze, amphetamines were administered. At this point, the subject began to babble incoherently, and sometimes it was possible to ask questions and get useful answers. The treatment was ruled out because the adverse effects of the combination of drugs usually leading to death of the subject, making it impossible for subsequent interrogation. Other experiments involved the use of heroin, mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine, marijuana, alcohol and sodium pentothal.

In 1957, an official of the U.S. Air Force, Frank Gamble, came as a volunteer for a test in the Laboratory Chemical and Bacteriological Warfare in Edgewood, Md. He had been informed that the experiment was to test gas masks and protective clothing. Instead, he and another 1000 troops were given large doses of LSD. "If I knew the risks, I never would have done." later report. "It was scandalous." He said after the test was simply forced to 'drive from Aberdeen to Delaware " while he was still under the influence of LSD. "do not even remember being there."

Gamble began to suffer episodes of amnesia, severe depression, acute anxiety and violent behavior. Attempted suicide in 1960, was removed from service and forced to retire prematurely in 1968.

At least one of the experiments probably proved fatal. On November 19, 1953, a Navy scientist and germ warfare specialist who was working on the project, named Frank Olson, received a high dose of LSD in his drink. After spending 8 days submerged in a state that many witnesses described as a depressive-paranoid, Olson jumped from the window of his hotel in New York and died instantly as a result of a fall of ten floors.

The CIA hid its involvement in the death of Olson's death, so it would take 22 years for his family to learn about the events that led to his death. When experiments with LSD the CIA was made public in mid of the 70's, the Agency was faced with fierce criticism. A Senate committee put it this way in 1975:

"Since its inception at the dawn of the decade of the 50,
until its completion in 1963, the program of surreptitious administration of LSD to taxable non-volunteers,
demonstrates the failure of the CIA to show due regard for the rights of the individual
. Despite knowing that the experiment was dangerous, the lives
subjects were put at risk and ignored. Although it was clear
the laws of the United States were being violated, the experimentation continued
.

Another time, Senator Ted Kennedy declared before Congress:

"The Director of the CIA revealed that over 30 universities and institutions
were involved in an extensive program of testing and experimentation that included
covert use of drugs in public non-
volunteers from all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign. Several of these tests
involving the administration of LSD to subjects without their knowledge.
At least one death-that of Dr. Olson, resulted from these activities. The Agency
it knew that these experiments had little scientific merit.
The officials responsible for monitoring were not qualified scientific observers
. "

LSD was eventually dismissed by the researchers to consider their effects were too unpredictable. Although some useful information was obtained interrogation of subjects under the influence of LSD, the most commonly observed effect was the ability to resist any form of interrogation, including those involving physical torture.

Although the most discussed aspect of MKULTRA are experiments with LSD, the project included many other unusual branches of research (149 subprojects in total) related to techniques for mind control. Researchers CIA tried to prove the usefulness of many psychic phenomena and pseudoscientific, including hypnosis, telepathy, premonitions and "remote viewing."

These experiments were not conducted simply to satisfy the curiosity of the CIA. The agency was interested in getting the weapons and techniques that will give the U.S. the lead in the global race for mind control. In accordance with this objective, the Agency spent millions of dollars in funding technical studies related to influence and manipulate the mind. A CIA memorandum, dated 1952, shows the fundamental question that sought to answer the projects mind control: "Can we get control over an individual to the point that is willing to do things against their will and even against fundamental laws of nature as self-preservation?" One of the declassified documents of MKULTRA, dated 1955, gives a sample size and the range of effort, the memo refers to the study of a wide variety of substances that alter mental functions, which would:

• "promote illogical thinking and impulsivity in the subject so much to discredit him publicly. "
•" Increasing the efficiency of mind and perception. "
• "prevent or counteract the intoxicating effects of alcohol."
• "promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol."
• "Producing signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a reversible manner."
• "To facilitate the induction of hypnosis and increase its potential effectiveness for various purposes. "
•" Increasing the capacity of individuals to withstand privation, torture and coercion during interrogation and so-called "brain washing."
• "produce amnesia for events preceding the ingestion or occurring during it."
• "Producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time. "
•" produce temporary or permanent physical disablement, including lower limb paralysis, severe anemia, etc ... "
•" Producing high "pure" without decreased subsequent mood. "
•" Altering personality structure so that the subject's tendency to become dependent on another person will be increased. "
•" Causing mental confusion such that the subject find it difficult to sustain a lie during an interrogation. "
•" Reduce the ambition and general working efficiency in subjects who are supplied in quantities undetectable. "
•" Promote the weakness and distortion of vision or hearing faculties, preferably without permanent effects. "

Thus, intended:

•" A pill that can be surreptitiously administered in drinks, food, cigarettes or aerosol form, it is safe to use, provide a maximum amnesic effects, and practical for use by any of our agents. "
Few
MKULTRA Project objectives were achieved, but the mere realization of these experiments the CIA brought him a barrage of criticism.

Project MKULTRA experiments lasted 11 years. Either way, the MKULTRA was just the best known and most famous secret CIA project, but it was neither the first nor the last. The CIA conducted a long series of similar programs during the Cold War years. In 1960 he authorized the use of LSD in experiments in European and Asian citizens. The project code name of European citizens was evidence THIRD CHANCE. For its part, the evidence in Asians met together with the code name DERBY HAT. In 1965, the CIA, in collaboration with the Department of Defense U.S. MKSEARCH begin the project, another program that sought to develop the ability to manipulate human behavior through the use of drugs. In this particular project, the goal was the synthesis of a "truth drug" that could be used in the interrogation of potential Soviet spies. In 1966 operations began MKOFTEN Project, a program that sought to test the toxicological effects of certain drugs on humans and animals. A year later, the CIA and the Defense Department implemented the project MKNAOMI, successor to the infamous MKULTRA and designed to maintain, store and test the effects of various chemical and biological weapons. The same project MKULTRA was preceded by a similar program known as codenamed "Bluebird", which was later renamed "Project Artichoke." The initial letters of these programs (MK) was the secret codename that the CIA designated for projects related to the control of the human mind (MK referred to the English words "MIND CONTROL")

The first experiment related to the mental control on record which was carried out in 1947 as part of a U.S. Navy project called Operation CHATTER, seeking "speech-inducing drug" for use in the interrogation of " personal enemy or subversive. " The project was eventually abandoned due to drugs "tasted so bitter that it was not possible to avoid that subjects would realize" who had been drugged.

There is no evidence that the CIA (or anyone else) has managed to control the actions of a person through the techniques of "mind control" is known, were used in the MKULTRA project. The destruction of the vast majority of existing files makes a full investigation impossible.

Dr. Sydney Gottlieb always refused to discuss his work as director of the MKULTRA project until his death in 1999. In one of his few statements on the matter, said the CIA sought only promote basic research in the broad field of behavioral sciences. After his retirement from the Agency in 1973, returned to school, he practiced pathology for 19 years and worked with cancer patients and infected with the AIDS virus. He once claimed to have spent the years since he left the CIA "trying to be on the side of angels instead of demons."