I Wear My Aunt's Girdles

New electrical calculation program


The Aceri computer software company, has released a program called " Trace-elec-calc " electrical calculation will have to talk. Allows intuitive design of the facility, while working under different standards. When designing, you can choose between method of calculation or check, in the style Dmelect program, which is having so much coverage in Training Cycles.

Its orientation is twofold, as it is aimed at both professional use in engineering design and installation, as the field of education (FP and Engineering).

http://herramientasdeingenieracalculoelctric.blogspot.com/


Greetings!

Any Good Romantic Eng Dub Anime ?

Non-Ionizing Radiation - Hot Sites ..! Antennas and RNI

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ever wrote in this Blog, arguing a bit with my friend, Mr. Paul Picicco, the visual impact of the antennas is not as scary as they want us to believe, and that the effects of ionizing radiation ( RNI), fall within what gave called the "acceptable risk", we must all assume, somehow, by virtue of living in a modern society, and enjoy the welfare of advanced technology.

I must confess, in order to be honest, some antennas, scary, and I'm not sure if we should rethink its position, the benefit of the population and the environment.

few years ago, when Resolution 3690 was born at a meeting of directors of ARPA with officials of the NCC, told us of his concern about some "hot spots" where the large number of antennas in a wild same place, leaving some suspicion that the effects of NIR exceeded the values \u200b\u200baccepted by WHO.

For this reason, the 3690 makes clear the definition of what represents the multi-site where there is co-crazy multiple antennas, and the requirement to measure broadband, the sum of all emissions, which called intake.

Specifically, CNC officials had set its sights on three sites in particular. Alas building terraces in Leandro N. Alem, the Public Works building on Av 9 de Julio, and the Cerro San Bernardo in the city of Salta.

The first two, all knew each other well, but I had never paid attention, despite having been many times in the city of Salta, the swarm of satellite co-crazy at the top of the hill.

But like every year, for my teaching profession, I have to visit the Catholic University of Salta to take tests in my next I devoted myself to research travel subject well.

The Cerro San Bernardo has a height of almost 1500 meters above sea level, and there he built a resort called Cable Car Jump and climb the hill that is done that way.

The complex was opened in January 1988, and from there you can enjoy a beautiful walk and an extraordinary panoramic view of the city of Salta.

The point is very close to that beautiful ride, is the Hill February 20, which is not so cute like its neighbor, since the top of it, is crowned by a scary field of antennas, which could account for more than a dozen towers of different services, telephony, broadcasting and telecommunications.

The photos you can take more than eloquent, and the following year the authorities have adopted the reasonable determination to restrict access to the general public.

Similar measures were taken on the upper floors and terraces of the former Ministry of Public Works and Building Wings.

But some think I remember why now, broach the subject of these "hot spots", and really I do, because these days, following the decision taken by the Government to adopt the standard ISDB-T digital television, told me that there is a project of placing two combined transmitters of 10 kW each to begin digital TV transmissions government channel, which will air on UHF channel 23, for which and are reinforcing the old tower of Channel 7, to install antennas there.

When I heard this, I could not help remembering, making few months, I was in the offices of my friends from Sun Microsystems, which are located on the 20th floor of one of the glass towers of Catalina on wood, and upon entering the meeting room, I could not resist the temptation to take this photo with my cellphone:

SUN

My friends, when they hear the news, going to be a bit concerned, and no wonder because the 20 Kw positions on the air, and worse, in the UHF frequency is very high and very directive, less than 200 meters in a straight line from his window, is the least threatening.

What stops me is pretty quiet, being just the Federal Government, I am certain that the authorities of the National Public Media, will have been in contact with their counterparts of the CNC, and have done the calculations, to ensure that Sun boy is not going to cook in his office as if they were inside a microwave oven.

not forget that the State is responsible for ensuring our health.

Paul were right. Some antennas are awful ... especially when there are many boards ...

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How Does A Vexilar Work

- Debate continues

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One of the most fervent supporters of Non-Ionizing Radiation topic often discussed on this forum, Mr. Paul Picicco of the city of La Plata, with whom we maintain permanent contact by mail, and we exchanged some information about it.

So when Paul told me he was writing something about it, I proposed to publish in the blog, and is so far below

ALLEGATIONS BY THE PRESENCE OF DANGEROUS ANTENNAS

by Engineer Paul Picicco

Many communities have a process that is increasing in recent times. The presence in the neighborhood of an antenna of substantial size, fear of the possibility that it is quietly producing some damage to health, is launching a round of consultations, reviews, inquiries and speculation among the neighbors finally derive in filing complaints.
Government agencies receiving such complaints, seek appropriate legal and technical support to develop a response. The arguments found in national laws, provincial and municipal stipulating the conditions to be met by satellite, to be enabled and enable it to operate. The Ministry of Communications of the Nation radio system authorizes (frequency, power, transmitters, antennas, etc.), The province of Buenos Aires, through its agency enforces environmental non-ionizing radiation levels of RNI (established by the Ministry of Health of the Nation) and municipalities regulate the permitted uses according to their codes of planning, namely the places where you can place an antenna and the maximum allowable heights, according to the different areas.
Depending on the case, you may not have been met these regulations, but for the purposes of this analysis is considered a facility that meets all the requirements.

Real or virtual
The first significant evidence can be observed is the presence of two approaches, the "virtual" or subjective of the complainant and the "real" or objective of the state agency. It seems that the latter reacts with technical and legal tools unavoidable and justified, to a social demand is not always satisfied with the answers.
If the complainant's concern was based on emotional rather than rational basis, it is necessary to understand the responses that individual's perceptions and mechanisms of reaction to uncertainty, fear, anger and rejection.
Moreover, it is surprising that those should be great interest in resolving these issues (corporate communications), displayed no effort evidenced in this direction. Well it could be argued that there is no satellite communications antennas and there, if communities are determined to reject. It
paradoxical that the very communities that have developed economically (in the broadest sense) using the services and the benefits of wireless communications and rationally never cease do, occur in the public imagination a kind of decoupling of appropriate communication technology while strongly rejecting antennas. Necessary clarifications


appear appropriate to clarify at the outset that the radiating elements, which generate non-ionizing radiation (NIR) are called: Antennas. Can be of various types, sizes, shapes, colors, of an element or arrangements of various components, vertical, horizontal, obvious or subtle, but are always antennas.
What processes occur in waves that radiate these antennas and their potential effects, research is the global scientific community for decades and a concrete result of these studies is the adoption of security measures to protect the health of people. To this aim, as the limit of acceptable levels of radiation, which can expose individuals without health risks. These levels in turn, are hundreds or thousands of times below what is assumed, could have a detrimental effect on people.
The other key component, in addition to the antennas, which constitutes the support of these antennas. The towers. They can also be of different shapes, heights and aspects. Some are restrained (ie supported by bridle), freestanding (with its architecture that wide at the base and tapering towards the end, require no charge for support), single pole (large column-like) and also occur in varying heights and thicknesses. But in addition there are other props towers antenna pedestal to be asserted onto terraces or wall brackets, or water tanks, etc.
So, one thing is quite another antenna and the tower that may be holding.

Hazard or visual impact
the eyes of the public is absolutely different impact that causes a self supporting tower of great size and height, which is supported by an antenna on a water tank on the roof of a building.
This is critical to understand the intent of the analysis "subjective or virtual" about the impact generated by new communications technologies. Because if we compare a single antenna radiating the same electromagnetic waves, ie generating the same non-ionizing radiation (NIR), from the top of an imposing tower of iron or from the water tank on the roof of a building, obviously the perception is very different. So different that very few people in that building are aware the existence of an antenna on the water tank on the contrary, the whole neighborhood can feel more or less threatened by the presence of the iron tower. However, the effect on the health of people is no different in either case.
The reaction of the neighborhood threatened by "the antenna" is to resort to seeking state protection. The district wants the public authority finds the imminent threat and force to move this "hideous structure" several blocks away, oblivious to many aspects.
First, in 90% of cases these mobile facilities. The used technology makes mobile phones work with the minimum power required to communicate with the base station antenna. That is, the radiating antenna but also each of the phones that communicate and they emit more or less power, according to the distance that separates them from "the antenna." Then, zoom means that each cell will operate at higher power and the antenna in question (called base station), too.
Moreover, it is not a gesture of solidarity to claim his transfer to several blocks because people probably live there too, if the subject were a potential health risk. Other complainants then claim that the antennas are located outside the village, preferably in rural areas, the rationale used by some municipalities and established urban planning codes. However, as stated above all need to increase its transmission power to communicate, thereby increasing non-ionizing radiation.
Given the eventual complaint proceeds to make NIR measurements, which are the evidence to determine whether the facility meets the radiation levels permitted by current regulations.
Much to the chagrin of those affected, the measurements reveal a distressing fact. Not only complies, but also the higher the tower is impressive, more people away from antennas and are therefore, the values \u200b\u200bmeasured at ground level are extremely low.
then displayed some lack of communication between the parties. The State provided a rational response to a subjective concerns of neighbors. This shows that the issue is complex and requires an interdisciplinary approach. It is not only technical and legal issues, but may require a comprehensive view from social sciences like psychology, sociology and anthropology. It is about knowing the problem, but also to understand the perception that People are the same.

A possible way
telephone companies, as one of the key players, could be induced to settle investigations made by schools of higher learning, which clarified the issues and make proposals overcome.
turn, from the various levels of government could establish more comprehensive rules that consider the aspects evaluated and the results translate into demands otherwise, to allow installation of antennas.
In concrete terms, that would not prohibit the antennas, or to allow be installed in places where planners of telephone networks, decided on technical and economic issues. In some cases, be feasible to mount a new tower, where such other facilities and have visual impact on the environment and in other cases, it is desirable to camouflage an antenna on the water tank of a building.

environmentalist approach
axis to analyze the problems of the antennas from the interest of protecting the environment would be directly related to the visual pollution. There are no doubts as to the levels that the state allows non-ionizing radiation, set by the health authority (Ministry of Health of the Nation) through its resolution 202/95 and compliance required by the national authority on all radio systems (CNC, Ministry of Communications) through its Resolution 3690/04.
In the province of Buenos Aires, the OPDS (Environment Agency) through the Resolución144/07 establishes rules to be satisfied by any radio installation, located in the province.
This legislation replaced the original resolution 900/05, which had to be modified just two years, becoming the product of actions generated as a result of its implementation.
Resolution 144 was born of the need to surpass his predecessor and by the development of a workshop on RNI, with the participation of various stakeholders. Perhaps
favorable winds begin to blow for a new workshop and a new standard.


Paul Picicco
Telecommunications Engineer
(COPITEC 3713)
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Green Colored Running Tights

Networked Audio

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A further step

That the future of media moves towards digital formats, and nobody doubts it. It would be foolish not to recognize that the digitization of audio and video bring new opportunities and benefits through the tasks of receiving, editing, production, post production, storage, treatment, and further disclosure of information, the engine being more important in the evolution of media language, providing new symbolic codes for the production of content.
In radio, for example, for many years running digital systems to assist the production and placing on air commercials, music and content, having pioneered Argentina of such applications, but are integrated into other equipment, in general, analog, as if it were a more peripheral.
In recent years we have seen that some stations, re-equip their studios with expensive digital consoles, which in principle would seem to be beneficial, but when we analyze in detail how to incorporate this equipment is not so .
In most cases, we have seen, which replaced an old analog console, and instead put on a digital, without changing the rest of the facilities of analog technology.
In these facilities, we can see that along the chain audio from the microphone, until the transfer is happening innumerable conversions A / D and D / A for the inclusion of teams from different technologies.
This situation, far from being a technological breakthrough, seems to contradict all the principles of good engineering.
If the option is to digitize all existing studies or develop new studios fully digital solutions are much more versatile and modern on the market that have gone a step ahead of traditional digital devices.
The latest in broadcast technologies are based on Networked Audio Systems, which through the use of a particular protocol developed, carrying a stream of audio over standard Ethernet networks.
So far they are all proprietary protocols, since for the moment there is no standard that applies to these technologies, as well as SIP, that puts focus on digital telephony signaling, known as voice over IP (VoIP), and most of them support it.
There are already several technologies that work on this idea. Among the highlights is EtherSound developed by Digigram, a French company specializing in the manufacture of professional audio cards for PC, CobraNet a protocol developed by Cirrus Logic, and Axia LiveWire, a division of Telos Systems, a leading global provider of audio processors, audio codecs and ISDN telephone interfaces / ISDN broadcast.
Axia specializes in routing systems, mixing and distribution of digital audio signals for broadcast and other professional audio scenarios.
Everything would suggest that Axia LiveWire is the most mature technology, and which have developed more compatible devices, being supported by major U.S. broadcast companies.

Several years ago I have been following the evolution of this technology, samples suscesivas NAB in Las Vegas, and I had the opportunity to visit some stations fully equipped with this system.
In 2005, with Chief Technology Officer of The Network, along with my colleague from Radio Mitre, Guillermo Chialvo, and Mr. Jorge Lloveras, made a presentation on these new technologies in a Seminar Exhibition of that year CAPER , who had a big impact. Returning
Axia LiveWire system, it is a modular system, consisting of audio nodes, which act as interfaces for different input types exist, these modules support both analog and digital inputs are handled by the control consoles and called Mix that deals Engine routing and mixtures of signals. In the case of existence of several studies, all audio is routed through a Router Selector, to the input of audio or if the network has an IP digital link is sent directly to the digital input audio codec.
All these elements are linked by a Category 6 Ethernet cable that through a 10/100/1000 switch that can handle 250 uncompressed audio signals simultaneously across the network, thus saving a significant amount of money cabling and civil works by replacing the complex balanced audio cable, a single UTP cable, while allowing for easy maintenance and thus reduces cost of ownership (TCO) and return on investment (ROI) for their exploitation. Thus
audio sources do not depend on its location within the building, which, wherever they are, they will be incorporated into a single audio stream that runs over IP network, and does not depend on where accessing it.
I believe that this technology, although it has not yet been implemented in our country, offers interesting advantages to broadcasters, and Axia LiveWire, you put a step forward in the digitization of radio stations.
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RNI - Non-Ionizing Radiation II

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and now ... visual pollution


few years ago, being a member of the Technical Committee of ARPA, and by order of the Board, I was assigned the task of writing a script to the broadcast partners, to clarify the issue of RNI and how meet the requirements of Resolution No. 3690 of the CNC in 2004, which by then was at the center of public debate, by the assumptions that could cause harmful effects to the population. Thus arose the first document that later, in September 2005 published in this Blog. If you have not read it, recominedo to do so before reading this note.

This first work, entitled "real danger, or acceptable risk" , which included extensive documentary research and legislation, also expressed some personal opinions, which generated considerable controversy at the time, and still today continues to generate.

The work received some criticism, but also many accessions, and the truth is that has given me great satisfaction, because it has been mentioned in many forums that discuss the issue of INR, and has become almost a classic debate.

Many colleagues interested in the subject, have contacted me after reading the article, including many of them, who did not know personally, to manifest their support and agreement in the opinions.

In this test, raised the theory of acceptable risk, which involves the implementation of any technology, and presumed to be much higher than the profit generated for the evolution of society, that the risk may involve the implementation of that technology.

However, despite the fact that never has found a single case in the world, affecting the health of any person, are still raising voices of outdated assumptions advocates of population health, which argue that radiation electromagnetic are harmful to people.

remember having participated in several debates in the Legislature of Buenos Aires, discussing the subject to enlighten lawmakers so they could form their own opinion, and legislate accordingly, there was a bearded gentleman who belonged to an NGO in all meetings, to refute our arguments, argued that he had a headache, and that was produced by the antennas of the cell.

many times stated that he had a headache, one day, after a lengthy discussion, the bearded man asked to speak, and said: "It is all very well but my head still hurts me .... "

remember most of these were about to lose control, and a Technical Manager for a station colleague, he exhausted his patience and answered loudly: "Look sir ... if you have a headache .... take an aspirin ...! ... Or rather, see a doctor for examination .... "

After the meeting, we all laughed at the absurdity of the situation, but it is pathetic to think that in areas like this, is so little serious discussion with the issue seriously and are not based opinions.

There is always a man who has a headache, a neighbor who died of cancer, or a friend who told us he's sick, but the arguments never contain a medical report to substantiate it, or a study conducted by professionals who endorse .

Unfortunately the voices of these ignorant, are the largest impact occurring in the population, which is always fearful that one unintended consequence of technology, finished decimating humanity.

What is surprising is that control agencies, which are responsible for ensuring the health of the population, do not deal with counter these actions nefatas, disseminating scientific knowledge that is appropriate, to clarify and reassure those who are worried.

This would, to paraphrase Mr. Nacucchio, a few days ago I posted some comments about a radio statements, such as from Myth to Logos, which is the basis of philosophy.

Moving from Myth to Logos, romances means moving away from traditional responses and explanations or arbitrary executions, own ignorance, logical and rational explanations, more characteristic of scientific knowledge.

Modernity, in addition to technological advances, has brought get a new rationale for humanity, an intellectual stance that is based on theoretical rather fanciful beliefs and in the Middle Ages.

Once again, we face a choice between apocalyptic and integrated, as raised by the great Umberto Eco [1] , in his now famous work.

remember that in those endless meetings in the Legislature, when they saw that it was very difficult to prove the alleged harm of radiation, there was a new argument that was the visual impact.

is as if someone had asked to develop arguments to remove the antennas, and then well as harmful to health, had to be ugly, and contribute to the visual pollution of the city.

The issue of visual impact is so absurd, as the damage to health. It is a subjective topic that does not withstand scrutiny. Who said that the antennas are ugly ...?

How can you argue that the visual impact they cause, is negative for the people ...?

to me, for example, antennas seem visually pleasing. Have a high symbolic content. I think they are the most eloquent proof that a city is modern and thriving. The

visual images always have a highly symbolic and social significance have implied. What is the difference in visual impact between an antenna and a building ...? ... .. Or a bus line 37 or a crane of the port, or a railroad locomotive Rock ..?

The machines also can be beautiful ... by the way, I come to mind the concepts of Marshall Berman [2] , one of my favorite authors, that in a perfect portrait of nineteenth-century modernity, says: "is a landscape of steam engines, factories, railroads, vast new industrial zones; teeming cities that have grown from overnight, often with appalling human consequences, newspapers, telegrams, telegraph, telephone and other mass media to inform an increasingly wide scale, of nation states and multinational accumulations becoming stronger, the mass social movements fighting against the modernization from above with their own forms of modernization from below an ever-expanding global market that includes everything capable of spectacular growth, capable of wastage and appalling devastation, capable of anything, except to provide strength and stability ".

I have witnessed in other countries, a similar debate, based on visual pollution, even disguising antennas have been self-supporting, like the trunk of a palm tree, topped with a tuft of artificial leaves at the top.

Is there a horrible thing to behold an artificial plant ..?

That is not to understand the essence of things. An antenna is an antenna, and will not cease to be because the costumes of palm, and nobody will really believe that this monstrosity is really a palm tree ...!

is a sterile discussion. Wireless communications require antennas and as the electricity needed for transport, posts and pylons, and automobiles, roads and highways to travel.

If any of these things in a negative visual impact, which in fact do not think, assume that is the cost we pay for using cellular phones, listening to the radio, have electricity in our homes and move in cars.

Ultimately, as Berman says, is the wonderful landscape of modernity that we invade, and that we are integrated, we celebrate every day, because we are living the most wonderful time of the humanity. Of course, the doomsayers do not think like us ... ..


[1] Eco, Umberto - Apocalyptic and integrated with the mass culture - 1965
[2] Berman, Marshall - All that is solid in the air desavanece - 1988
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Codigo De Ativação Tvcenter Pro

other conservation methods

other conservation methods

click the link below :

http://www.youtube.com/ watch? v = Z3TYevzuadk

bibliographies

smoking žProceso
http:/ / www.elaviso.com/espectaculos/?ContentID=4232
method for preserving food žEscabecahdo
http://www.hola.com/gastronomia/noticiaslibros/2004/04/19/10451_escabechado_2C_el.html food žContaminacion an unsolved problem.
http://www.uis.edu.co/portal/administracion/publicaciones/revista_salud/ediciones/volumen_35_nro1/articulos/art6_35-1.pdf
biopreservatives žBacterias for conservation
http://www.universia.es/portada/actualidad/noticia_actualidad.jsp?noticia=90968
food žBioconservantes
http://www.solociencia.com/biologia/07050806 . htm
žDESHIDRATACIÓN OSMOTIC: ALTERNATIVE FOR CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL FRUIT
http://oswaldoparra.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/12-deshidratacion2.pdf
DEHYDRATION žVALIDACIÓN OF CONVENTIONAL TO CONSERVATION OF THE EDIBLE MUSHROOM Pleurotus sajor -caju.
http://200.21.104.25/udecaldas/downloads/RevistaUC26 (1_2) _8.pdf
smoked žSalmon and contamination by listeria
http://www.consumer.es/seguridad-alimentaria/ciencia-y-tecnologia/2004/09/02/14111.php

thanks

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Those who reap my blog, you'll notice that I have left.
The reason: health.
Therefore, I will park it and come back as soon as I can.

A hug. Carme

Woman Sitting On Womans Belly

4. AMBIANCE BY CONTROLLED BY GAS

ENTER THIS LINK AND FIND A PRESENTATION ON CONSERVATION METHODS FOR CONTROLLED GAS ATMOSPHERES
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v = g0w8W3JEKxE

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Current Technology for Beef Packaging Modified Atmosphere http: / / www.alimentariaonline.com/media/mlc027_carneMAP.pdf

Implementing good manufacturing practices, maturity and controlled-atmosphere packaging on the physico-chemical , Microbiological and Sensory cheese http: / / www.encb.ipn.mx/cibia/TomoI/I-71.pdf

Ozone and its Application in Food Preservation

http: / / www.ciencia-ahora.cl/Revista19/08ElOzonoConservacionAlimentos.pdf

treatment with ozone in the food industry

http: / / www.hidritec.com / doc-ozono_alimentacion.htm

Ozone production and food preservation

http : / / www.ozomatic.org/Informacion/Ozono/1/1.htm

University of Santander, UDES

Food Microbiology

Student : alexandra Urueña

Teacher: Sandra Contreras

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Food With The Word Golden In It

CONSERVATION METHODS

1. by water activity



ENTER THIS LINK AND FIND A PRESENTATION ON THE METHODS OF ACTIVITY FOR WATER CONSERVATION

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnC3KQTuL7I

BIBLIOGRAPHIES


Osmotic dehydration: an alternative for conservation of tropical fruits - http://oswaldoparra.files.wordpress. com/2008/10/12-deshidratacion2.pdf


conventional dehydration VALIDATION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF THE EDIBLE MUSHROOM
- http://200.21.104.25/udecaldas/downloads/RevistaUC26 (1_2) _8.pdf

Dehydrated Foods for export
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http://www.lapazpro.bo/noticias/noti-110.pdf



Dehydration and healthy oldest form of preserving food - http://www.conasi.eu/content/pdfs/articulos/deshidratar.pdf



Fruit freeze-dried for export alternative http : / / www.rionegro.com.ar/arch200210/s21j15.html

2.With magnetic pulse

ENTER THIS LINK AND FIND A PRESENTATION ON THE METHODS OF PULSE MAGNETIC STORAGE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z824H0YUg1o

BIBLIOGRAPHIES




° ° In Milk
http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas ¨ / redvet/n040407/040706.pdf · High pressure

http://www.navactiva.com/web/es/descargas/pdf/acal/altas_presiones.pdf
¨ ¨ http://www.alimentariaonline .com/media/ma027_anaquel.pdf
• Treatment for high pressures on the conservation and food • Transformation

http://www.edicionsupc.es/ftppublic/pdfmostra/CT00801M.pdf ¨
• Process of foods at high pressure and low temperature

¨ http://www.alcion.es/Download/ArticulosPDF/al/gratis/07articulo.pdf

University of Santander, UDES
Student
Food Microbiology: alexandra Urueña
Teacher: Sandra Contreras

British Themed Appetizers

The method Brenizer, Expodisc

Brenizer Method, Theory and Practice Introduction



is known that the Depth of Field or DOF for short in English depends on the focal length and aperture used in the following way:

• The lower the number the less DOF \u200b\u200bF, F2 has less depth of field F4 for the same focal length.
• higher the smaller the focal length 200mm F4 DOF in the DOF is less than 100mm F4

could measure the amount of "blur" that is based on the focal length and aperture. The following table illustrates the degree of blur is obtained based on the focal length and aperture using a fictitious reference unit may be called "degree of blur" and it has no unit of measure, used only to compare a couple focal + opening another.

The X axis shows the opening of F1 to F22, the Y axis the focal length of 400 to 16mm, the smaller the number the smaller the DOF and the greater the degree of blur obtained.

As we see a 50mm F2 lens (Value in the table = 8) has the same level of blur that a 400mm lens at F11 this is quite remarkable and we learn that if we want to increase the degree of blurring our photo shows:

a) Use longer focal length
b) Use a smaller aperture (not always the lens allows)

If a certain scene can be photographed in a certain focal length is clear that with a longer focal length scene can not be grasped in its entirety but it is necessary to assemble a panoramic photograph that is precisely what makes the method popularized by the fotógrao Brenizer Ryan Brenizer.

Brenizer's method is to reduce the DOF of a picture by assembling a panorama using a focal length greater than would be necessary for the taking.

To understand the method we ask the following exercise / scenario: Let a photo

35mm F2 and 50mm are several photos on F2 matching the same visual field as the 35mm photo. What we see is exactly the same in both photos but the DOF is different.

We will see that the degree of blur is larger pan which makes sense because each "frame" of the panorama has a lower DOF than 50mm F2 and the DOF is less than 35mm F2. So what is the opening of our panoramic? Clearly not as the DOF F2 35mm F2 is different from the DOF in 50mm F2 to see the openness that we have to calculate what the aperture is 35mm equivalent to 50mm F2. What

opening 35mm has the same DOF F2 in 50mm?

can search the table, we see that for 50mm F2 value is 8 and 35mm the value 8 corresponds to F1.4. The answer is then F1.4 therefore our panoramic F2 taken at 50mm and has an opening "virtual" blur F1.4 equivalent to taking a single shot on 35mm F1.4

What happens now if we take the scenic with a 50mm F1.4 lens? the result would be an opening below 1.4 and if we took many pictures emulating a much smaller focal length can reach values \u200b\u200bof openness unthinkable. Welcome to the realm of F0.4 and the like. Blurs

for openings as F0.4, F0.5 and others are possible taking enough photos. First

Brenizer method definition
Brenizer
The method is based on the construction of panoramic shots to reduce the DOF, thus increasing the degree of blur of the photo. Using focal large enough to take photos is possible, in principle, the DOF equivalent to any opening that we want even smaller openings to F1.

What lies beyond F1?

Most photographers are familiar with the F-Stops scale used to measure the openness that is: F1, F1.4, F2, F2.8, F4, F5.6, F8 etc. .. This scale is generated by the powers of the square root of 2.

SQRT2 ^ 1 = 1.4 SQRT2

^ 2 = 2 ^ 3 = 2.8 SQRT2
etc ... We therefore add

how to get exposure units (EVs) to calculate the next or previous open, if we Away from F1 we \u200b\u200bfind the following openings (1 stop difference between them):

F1, F0.7, F0.5, F0.3, F0.25, F0.18 ....

These openings are usually impossible with a lens can be emulated by taking into account views that emulate what is the DOF corresponding to the opening and therefore the amount of blur. Applications

method
Brenizer
The method can be used when the photographer wants to reduce the DOF of a shot, reduce the DOF increases the amount of blur by increasing the visual separation between the foreground subject and background. The images take on a three-dimensional, highlighting the funds lost more prominence to the subject. In portraits, product shots and even in some special situations in nature that can produce results that are aesthetically very pleasing.

is advisable to go through the page and Brenizer articles referenced at the end of the article to see that can be achieved with this technique. Grade

Bokeh Blur vs

We have not mentioned so far the magic word "bokeh" and is a good time to explain why. The "bokeh" refers to the visual quality of the areas out of focus in a photo with a special interest in the blur of bright lights. It is a subjective assessment on the quality of defocused areas and therefore has no direct relationship with the DOF or the degree of blur. While it is true that the more blur is in general a better bokeh "blur amount" is not synonymous with "quality blur" and therefore leave this popular photographic concept aside in this article.

Brenizer method in practice

Implement Brenizer method is quite simple, using a focal length longer than necessary for making the maximum possible aperture (smaller f number), focuses the subject and quickly take as many frames as needed to cover the visual field that we want in the final photo. Then based on these frames is assembled pan.

Special considerations:

- If the scene includes people who are there to ask them as still as possible and remove as soon as possible.
- The use of a very low power flash helps to freeze movement and avoid the subject moved to look at one of the frames we have learned, from people or potential movement of the flash is a fundamental tool.
- Programs for assembling panoramas are particularly inefficient if they need to assembly areas out of focus as far as possible each frame should have something in focus and when it is not possible as we seek a very large FOV may be necessary to the assembly of the pan with some degree of manual work by adding points to assemble control areas of focus.

Example:

35mm F1.1

This photo was taken using a 50mm lens with F1.8 aperture but has a FOV equivalent to a 31mm lens, opening is making virtual F1.1 ie it looks like if we had taken with a 31mm lens at F1.1, we see the sudden change of focus within walking distance focused and three-dimensional flower shooting.

The bottom seems endless but it is actually the view from a balcony that has a degree of blur such that buildings and other things you see are simply reduced to shadows in the background.

Those that are not interested in math can skip the next section of the article.

The method in theory

now explain how to deduce and use a formula to calculate the opening "virtual" pan using the method of Brenizer.

The input parameters we use are:

Fi = initial focal length (the lens that we use to take pictures)
Ff = final focal length (the pan)
Ai = initial opening (the one used when taking pictures)

The question is Af which corresponds to the final opening in the pan.
The final focal or Ff can be calculated easily using the panoramic FOV, all armed with panoramic software report the final FOV FOV based on the possible finding that focal length is the FOV. (For example you can use this online calculator )

'll use anything we know about Teleconverters (TC) for our calculations.
know that when using a teleconverter lose light stops, the number of stops we lose an estimated based on the magnification of the TC of the form:

stops = logsqrt2 (Mag)
logsqrt2
Where is the root of logarithm base 2 and Mag is the magnification.
logsqrt2 (x) equals log (x) / log (sqrt (2))

For example for a TC 1.4 is

logsqrt2 (1.4) = 1 and we know that with a 1.4x TC
logsqrt2 lose 1 stop ( 2) = 2 and we know that with a 2x TC
logsqrt2 lose 2 stops (1.7) = 1.53 ie a 1.7 TC lose 1 stop and a half

Using this we can apply the concept of a CT scan instead of bailing enlarge and instead of losing the gains stops (!).

The magnification can be calculated as the

Fi / Ff
For example if we get in 50mm and 35mm FOV emulate the magnification is: 50/35 = 1.4


logsqrt2 (1.4) = 0.97

This we knew because we know that a TC 1.4 "loses" one stop, if we are in the opposite way instead of losing a stop we won.

words, take on 50mm to 35mm emulating "win" by 0.97 stops of light. We turn now opening
initial EVs.

logsqrt2 Ev = (Ai) Example

If Ai = 1.8 then
logsqrt2 (1.8) = 1.69 to 1.69
EVs
Then we can subtract 0.97 to get the amount of virtual EV as we are winning the light which EV is lower.

logsqrt2 Ev = (Ai) - logsqrt2 (Ff / Fi)
In our case
logsqrt2 Ev = (1.8) - logsqrt2 (50/35) Ev = 0.72


Ev And we can convert to open using the power of root 2

SQRT2 Af = ^ (V)
SQRT2 ^ Af = Af = 1.26 0.72


which brings us to our final formula:

SQRT2 Af = ^ [logsqrt2 (Ai) - logsqrt2 (Fi / Ff)]

Simplifying:

Af = Ai / ( Fi / Ff)

Applying the formula in our example:

Af = 1.8 / (50/35) Af = 1.26


So if we get in with a 50mm F1.8 enough pictures for the panoramic equals a 35mm blur and DOF are those who would see with a 35mm lens F1.26



Acknowledgements We thank Gabor told me many key concepts to write this little article.

Special thanks to Ryan Brenizer person who helped with some basic data for the theoretical part of this article. References



Home Page of Ryan Brenizer
photostream on Flickr by Ryan Brenizer
Brenizer Blog entry explaining the method and with great photos
Brenizer Video Blog explaining how to make panorama fast

I Found A Lump In My Anus

UNIVERSITY OF SANTANDER UDES

MICROBIOLOIGA PROGRMANA OF INDUSTRIAL

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

STUDENT: ALEXANDRA URUEÑA

TEACHER: SANDRA CONTRERAS

non-thermal preservation methods

History

is possible that one of the main problems facing the human being was the proper storage of food raw material collected. From the earliest times as a primary concern was the need to extend the life of their food sources, who managed through systems connected to the habitat conservation in developing their lives.
During the first period were preserved food with no other basis of a simple selection of sources and stored for a short time. Scheme

historic preservation methods

conservation methods today are intended primarily to prevent deterioration of the quality of processed foods during necessary periods of storage. This quality is assessed in terms of nutrition, sensory and safety or public health.
In practice when a food raw material, more or less perishable, can not be used immediately needs a proper treatment to avoid the risk of physical alterations, chemical or biological weapons.

To prolong the life of stored food and processed products is essential to preserve them somehow.

preserved foods are those having undergone appropriate treatment seeking inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms and degrading action on food. These conditions allow the study of the feasibility for implementation of food preservation techniques and sterilization techniques should be kept in proper sanitary conditions for consumption during a period of time.

Optimizing the good stability of food materials pass through select those methodologies to exercise strict control over the "microbial population" to reduce the initial number of microorganisms and prevent or predict the development. To achieve the reduction of the initial charge just extreme hygiene outset in all manipulations. In contrast to combat the growth of microorganisms there is the alternative to choose between two types of physical and chemical methods.


NO BENEFITS thermal methods

1. Minimal changes in food quality
2. Minimal loss of flavor and nutrients
3. Flavor of "fresh"
4. Reduced energy expenditure
5. New product development

Conservation is based on a series of actions:

"Prevention or delay of bacterial decomposition: Keep food without microorganisms and eliminate existing ones.

" Prevention or delay of self-decomposition food through the destruction or inactivation of the enzymes and prevent or slow the chemical reactions.

"Prevention of deterioration due insects, higher animals, microorganisms and so on.

Overall conservation methods can be divided into two main groups: physical and chemical.

classification methods

In this first part deals with the physical preservation methods.





A. PHYSICAL METHODS

1. radiation treatments

Food irradiation is a physical process which is to expose to the direct action of electromagnetic radiation, electronic or atomic and used to improve the hygienic quality, increase their retention or modify some technological characteristics.

is being used to improve food preservation, for the destruction of microorganisms or to inhibit biochemical transformations (reactions that take place in a food and deteriorate).
is used in foods rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can lead to peroxides

advantages:

-Food is not under the action of heat and therefore the organoleptic characteristics hardly change.
-allows the treatment of packaged foods.
"The food can be stored with a single manipulation, without specifying the use of chemical additives.
"The energy needs of the process are very low.
-nutritional losses are similar to the current preservation methods.
"The process can be controlled automatically and requires very little labor.

Disadvantages:

"The high cost of installation. "The bad marketing
Product Rating



Radiation UV: using radiation of wavelengths shorter than visible light. Are low frequency and low energy. The chemical reactions induced by this radiation can cause the arrest of metabolic reactions essential for the survival of microorganisms. This will induce changes such as broken links, which comes to preventing transcription and DNA replication.
Transcript: No microbial growth. Replicating DNA
: No playback.
resistance of microorganisms and this radiation is determined by its ability to repair this damage. Radiation of this kind penetrate little in the liquid and almost nothing solid, so he used to kill microorganisms in the air or on the surface. Radiation is used both for food packaging.

Ionizing Radiation: Are high frequency radiation, which means they have a high energy content, a great power of penetration and its action is lethal.

Advantages: It is very lethal. The dose can be adjusted to give pasteurizing or sterilizing treatments, no sensory changes at low levels,
leaves no residue when little heat produced can be used in raw and frozen, instant penetration presents a uniform and profound.

Disadvantages: Are accurate: the control and protection of personnel, and the work area against radioactive sources.


2. High Pressure

consists of applying high pressure on food between 1,000 and 10,000 atm. This treatment affects many biological systems, mainly to as cell membranes, so mind is seriously compromised the survival of contaminating microorganisms. These treatments modified food components of high molecular weight, which is often a degree of protein denaturation or starch gelification. In contrast to the high pressures on food of low molecular weight shows little change as vitamins and compounds responsible for aroma and flavor. Therefore, in many cases the food maintains its nutritional value and does not differ in their sensory characteristics.

advantages: Decontamination, destruction of microorganisms, Maintenance of vitamins, aromas and flavors, new product development, product whole

Disadvantages: Cost and developing method


3. Pulsed Electric

This technique involves the inactivation of microorganimso to implement a large number of electrical pulses of short duration (microseconds) and high field strength. Not provoke increased in temperature does not alter the physicochemical characteristics of the food, nor are there significant variations in the nutritional components, but for now has only been applied to homogeneous viscous foods such as fruit juice, milk, yogurt, allowing the passage of electricity.

advantages: no loss of nutrients or sensory changes, microbial destruction without temperature increase

disadvantages: Fluids and / or small particles and Cost

4. Protective atmospheres

is a packaging system or storage Atmosphere. Is to replace the atmosphere surrounding the product with another, prepared for each type of food. The use of this technique can extend the life of food, since it inhibits the growth of microorganisms and have better control of chemical and enzymatic reactions. The gases used are: O2, N2, CO2. The effectiveness of the use of protective atmospheres is variable depending on the type of food, gas mixture, both quantitatively and qualitatively, as well as packaging material, storage temperature and used packaging equipment.

The nutritional quality of the products treated with this technique is maintained, without any loss of nutrients even vitamins. One disadvantage is that if not controlled certain conditions may appear undesirable odors and flavors. It is used to dry products, liquids, meat, soft drinks, H2O, delicatessens, some fruits and vegetables in modified atmosphere packaging.

The protective atmosphere is classified into 5 types:

packaging or modified atmosphere : Replace the atmosphere surrounding the food at the time of filling the other composed a gas or mixture of several.

controlled atmosphere container for : The food is maintained during throughout the storage period in an atmosphere of fixed composition.

permeability packaging film especially : The atmosphere surrounding the product is changed naturally due to respiration and biochemical changes of the product and the permeability of the container wall.

Vacuum Packaging: The product is packaged with a material impervious to gases and air is evacuated, then sealed the container.

hypobaric storage: Stored under pressure

<> thanks ...

bibliografia

• 
  
  
  http://milksci.unizar.es/bioquimica/temas/historia.pdf



• 
  
  
  http://ingenieriaenalimentos.blogspot.com/2006/09/mtodos-de-conservacin-de-alimentos.html



• 
  
  
  http://www.consumer.es/web/es/alimentacion/tendencias/2007/06/15/27934.php



• 
  
  
  http://www.fagro.edu.uy/~alimentos/cursos/carne/Unidad%208/METODOS%20DE%20CONSERVACION%20DE%20LA%20CARNE.pdf



• 
  
  
  http://www.mitecnologico.com/iia/Main/FactoresIntrinsecosExtrinsecosYTratamientosTecnologicosQueInfluyenEnElCrecimientoDeMicroorganismos

• 
  
  http://www.cchen.cl/27/2003/PDF/3_Utilizacion_radiacion.pdf



• 
  
  
  http://www.sagan-gea.org/hojared_radiacion/paginas/Radiaci%F3n_de_alimentos.html



• 
  
  
  http://ehrlich-sa.blogspot.com/2006/08/atmosfera-modificada.html



• 
  
  
  http://www.alfa-editores.com/alimentaria/Ene% 20 -% 20Feb%% 2005/ACTUALIDADES 20Tecnolog Eda%%% 20del 20gas.htm



• 
  
  
  http://www.edicionsupc.es/ftppublic/pdfmostra/CT00801M.pdf



• http://www.ikerlarre.e.telefonica.net/paginas/disminagua.htm
  
  

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Backstreet Boys

Comment: His biography is fascinating as his music.

His story began when Lou Perlman, a wealthy resident of Florida, inspired by New Kids on the block, thought to have a similar pop group, to fill the gap they had left, it is then when you put an ad in the newspaper and start auditioning for the group.

... in 2001, Howie's sister died of lupus , why he started the Dorough Lupus Foundation.
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Accuracy Of Hiv Rapid Test In 3 Months

Comment: It seems that together we will raise awareness of rare diseases, rare diseases.

Rare Diseases.
Today, February 28 marks the first World Day of rare diseases (ER). According to the Federation English Rare Diseases ( ERDF) 20% of those affected by rare diseases take 10 years to be diagnosed. As the name implies, is a disease little known to most. This ignorance is its low incidence (1 in 2,000 people) but that does not mean they are less important, since many of these diseases are fatal. See full story.

TV3 Marathon 2009 was devoted to rare diseases

The board of the Fundació TV3 Marathon has decided that the issue , 2009 is dedicated to rare diseases, a large and diverse group of serious diseases that affect a maximum of 5 persons in every 10,000 people, according to the foundation.

See full story.

About 42,000 people suffer some of the 8,000 rare diseases in Navarre.
Some of these diseases are, for example, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, scleroderma, spina bifida, lupus , retinitis pigmentosa, nonketotic hyperglycinemia and so on.

See full story.

Nearly 4,000 Cadiz with rare diseases spend each year by hospitals.
The province celebrates today (02/28/1909) World Day of these ailments minority.

Some of these are cystic fibrosis, lupus erythematosus , hemolytic anemia, or amyloidosis. The document which the Ministry of Health has posted on its website recognizes that these conditions were diagnosed in hospitals and that there may be cases not treated in hospitals and will be overlooked in this plan.

See full article.

CValenciana.-edits The College of Pharmacists a guide with information on chronic diseases and where to go.

Specifically, the book offers an overview of the major chronic diseases like Alzheimer's, anorexia and bulimia, the anticoagulant, rheumatoid arthritis, headache, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, diabetes, mental illness, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, lupus, masectomizadas, ostomy, Parkinson's, psoriasis, Down syndrome, etc..

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Theory and Practice, Grey and other herbs little card

Expodisc, index cards and other herbs Grey

this holder could also post "herbs to the white balance" but I greatly fear that such a title might give rise to more than one interpretation ...

Well, when we took on RAW in general we can not worry about white balance and adjust then to reveal the raw, choosing a white or neutral tone is often revealing to achieve satisfactory results. When this is not enough other methods based on the post-processing of the image can correct any color cast that has our image. On these methods discussed in another article.

The question today is how to achieve a good white balance the camera. This is necessary for those who take only in JPG or even in those situations in which the lighting and colors are complex and require a perfect representation of color, portraits, product and architectural photography as well as landscapes are complex light situations which may need an appropriate white balance in-situ.

In theory we are in a situation in which the complexity of light makes the Auto-WB of the camera is not reliable. Note that is not the same reliable than satisfactory, often the Auto-WB produces results that look good but do not adequately represent the real color of the scene, as mentioned in photo product or architecture if the colors are not real does not matter if it looks good.

then 2 We will discuss tools for setting the WB in-situ when we can not rely on the camera: The gray and Exposure index cards.

cards

gray gray cards are cards that are painted a neutral gray color so that they can be used as the camera's Custom WB and veridical represent colors according to the light in the scene. They are inexpensive and come in many forms but ultimately not a card no longer gray.


















To use this card you do is put in front of our lens, blurring so that the card covers the percentage of need according to our camera frame (usually less than 50%), took a picture of card and then use this photo as "custom white balance." The way that sets the Custom WB depends on camera so we must refer to the manual with it. Advantages and disadvantages

:

+ price and size.
- is susceptible to glare, avoid at all costs that occur when taking the photo highlights of WB.
- If the light is complex and comes from several directions the card can not grasp.
- Light the scene is different from the light where is the camera will not work

For the best quality cards that are the WhiBal .

The ExpoDisc ExpoDisc

The is a translucent disk that is placed as if the lens cap and used to take a neutral image based on light from the scene.

is totally different from the gray card as the ExpoDisc is based on incident light rather than reflected light. We put the gray card for the camera pointing to our scene and we took a picture of the card, it measured the light reflected from the surface of the card supposedly neutral. To use the ExpoDisc we have to aim the camera with the ExpoDisc placed in the opposite direction ie towards the scene where the light comes and not to where we took the photo. This measures the incident light in which we will use the ExpoDisc Custom WB soon as the camera.
















The advantages and disadvantages of the ExpoDisc are

+ measures the light incident from any direction
+ is not susceptible to glare
- Price
- If light on where the camera is different from the light in the scene simply does not work

In short, when the light in the scene is different from the light in which is mounted the camara no solution, we must "get right" or correct the WB in post-processing. When the light matches both the ExpoDisc can serve as the card, the ExpoDisc is best when the light is complex and comes from different directions and at different qualities. The card is perfectly usable when the light is even and we can avoid reflection.

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University of Santander udes

INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMS MICROBIOLOIGA

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

STUDENT: ALEXANDRA URUEÑA

TEACHER: SANDRA CONTRERAS

BUCARMANGA 2009

Innovations in processing

food: non-thermal technologies

the food processing and beverages in most products sterilized or pasteurized to ensure its security by destroying pathogens. these traditional thermal processes can destroy or demerit characteristics of flavor, texture and nutritional value of food. But even the high energy costs required make these traditional methods are increasingly attractive to industry emnos. in the last 30 years science has been successfully transferirr food industry a new range of non-thermal process that uses radiant energy, electrical, ultrasound, radiation, magnetic fields and pressure among others, that not only allow you to extend the product life but also co sensory and nutritional attributes at more competitive costs, thus giving the consumer tastes and new opportunities for the industry Comperta alimentariaeuriza their products to ensure its security by destroying pathogens. these traditional thermal processes can destroy or demerit characteristics of flavor, texture and nutritional value of food. But even the high energy costs required make these traditional methods are increasingly attractive to industry emnos. in the last 30 years science aha transferirr successfully managed the food industry a new range of non-thermal process that uses radiant energy, electrical, ultrasound, radiation, magnetic fields and pressure among others, that not only allow you to extend the life of the products but also co sensory and nutritional attributes a more competitive cost, thus giving the consumer tastes and new opportunities for the food industry Comperta.

http://www.unav.es/revistamedicina/50_4/10-INNOVACIONES.pdf

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Xerostomia Rare Diseases. Dry Mouth Syndrome.

Comment: It's a chance to fall into my hands an article on Xerostomia, as it is now my problem.

The decrease in salivary flow due to a salivary gland hypofunction. This decrease in saliva may be reversible if the cause that triggers it is temporary, as a state of anxiety, an acute type infection of the salivary glands, by a state of dehydration or a side effect of some drugs. However, if the cause is from chronic leads to a permanent dry mouth as in some congenital abnormalities, autoimmune diseases, infectious, rheumatological ( Sjögren syndrome and fibromyalgia), allergic diseases, menopause, radiation primarily cancer of the head and neck, diabetes, psychiatric disorders, Alzheimer's, AIDS, substance abuse (alcohol, drugs, and snuff).

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